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๐Ÿ’‰ Health๐Ÿ“šEducation

QNL Shine A Spotlight On Plagues And Pandemics Of The Past

ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ู‚ุทุฑ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ุชูˆุซู‚ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุทูˆุงุนูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠ

Doha: The crisis the whole world has been experiencing over the last year caused by COVID-19, or the coronavirus, is not the first time a pandemic has threatened the lives and livelihoods of human beings. And as an amazing collection of rare books and original manuscripts housed in Qatar National Library reveals, the Muslim and Arab world knew the devastating damage plagues, epidemics and pandemics could inflict.

The Libraryโ€™s manuscript specialist, Mahmoud Zaki, has been carrying out detailed research through the treasures of the Heritage Library and beyond and has unearthed some extraordinary facts about how past inhabitants of this region managed to survive through those terrible times and live to tell their tales. While his work is yet to be published on the Libraryโ€™s blog, a lecture recording can be accessed on the website, and some of these materials are also available through the Libraryโ€™s Digital Repository (http://ediscovery.qnl.qa/).

โ€œThe history of mankind has witnessed many outbreaks of plagues, epidemics and pandemics,โ€ Zaki says. โ€œIn Islamic history, these outbreaks are generally referred to by the Arabic word Taโ€™un, meaning โ€˜plagueโ€™ and to widespread outbreaks by the words Al Tuโ€™an Al Kabir โ€“ โ€˜the big plagueโ€™ โ€“ or Al Jaref โ€“ โ€˜the sweeping plagueโ€™.

โ€œThe isolation imposed on or chosen by Arab and Muslim scholars and authors who witnessed these epidemics led to a large number of texts that are wholly devoted to the subject of epidemics and plagues. They discussed these calamities through medical and theological perspectives, sociohistorical and literary narratives, and general books of Hadith (Prophetโ€™s traditions), Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and medicine. The individual experiences of those who lived through these plagues were clearly present in their works, each according to their discipline and profession.โ€

Infection caused by plagues and precautions against them are among the earliest writings on the subject. Some date back to the ninth century CE and include an essay by Al-Kindi on โ€œIncenses Purging The Atmosphere Against Epidemicsโ€; โ€œAn Essay On Plagues,โ€ by Ibn Abi Al-Dunya; and Ibn Al-Jazzarโ€™s โ€œCauses Generating Epidemics In Egypt.โ€ While all three texts were lost, a later extended text, โ€œSurvival Material About Treating Air Spoilage And Avoiding Harms Of Epidemicsโ€ was published in 1999, from the latter part of the 10th century CE and attributed to Muhammad Al-Tamimi, also sheds light on the matter.

The catastrophic bubonic plague that is believed to have claimed the lives of as many as 200 million people across Afro-Eurasia between 1346 and1353 CEโ€”known as the Black Deathโ€”also features in the available literature. Medieval historian Al-Maqrizi, who was born just a little over a decade after the end of the horrendous event, declared that it originated in China. According to the Egyptian-born scholarโ€™s writings, this plague โ€œcovered the regions of the whole world, east and west, north and south, and inflicted all races descended from Adam, and other beings including even fish, birds of the sky and beast animals on the ground.โ€

Another Arab scholar preceding Al-Maqrizi, Tunisian-born Ibn Khaldun, also recorded with tremendous power about the toll of misery the Black Death brought. He wrote: โ€œCivilization in both the East and the West was visited by a destructive plague which devastated nations and caused populations to vanish. It swallowed up many of the good things of civilization and wiped them out. Cities and buildings were laid waste, roads and way signs were obliterated, settlements and mansions became empty, dynasties and tribes grew weak. The entire inhabited world changed.โ€

Further manuscripts authored by historians Ibn Khatima and Lisan Al-Din Ibn Al-Khatib, who both lived in Muslim Spain in the 14th century CE, reveal their beliefs about contagionโ€”notably, that taking precautions and preventatives measures did not contradict trust in Allah. Ibn Al-Khatib, in fact, wrote: โ€œTo ignore the proofs for plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslimsโ€.

Zakiโ€™s research has also uncovered other authors from the tumultuous time who wrote about the plague, including Syrian-born Ibn Al-Wardi, Arabian biographer Assafadee and Egyptian scholar Taj Al-Din Al-Subki. All lost their lives due to the Black Death or associated causes.

Perhaps one of the most important and influential works of the century that followed the Black Death is by Cairo-born Islamic scholar Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani.

The work, An Offering Of Kindness On The Virtue Of The Plague, is one of the most famous Arabic works on plagues, and was used and drawn upon by many succeeding authors and scholars. Al-Asqalani was a renowned Muslim scholar of Hadith and a historian who lived during the time of plagues. Due to one plague, he lost two of his daughters, followed by his eldest daughter, who died while pregnant during the Black Death. Besides his devastating losses, Al-Asqalani endured other plagues and became ill in one, though he recovered.

Says Zaki: โ€œLike many other scholars, Al-Asqalani structured his book around the Prophetโ€™s traditions and attributed narrations with that containing a set of directions and guiding in brief words. The most important of these narrations are: โ€˜Allah has sent down both the disease and the cure for every disease, so treat yourselves medically, but avoid any untoward methods; โ€˜Allah does not send down any disease but He also sends down a remedy with itโ€™; โ€˜Those who are sick infected with contagious diseases should be kept away from those who are healthyโ€™; โ€˜If you hear about it (an outbreak of plague) in a land do not go to it, but if a plague breaks out in your own neighborhood, do not run away from itโ€™; and โ€˜Anyone (among the believers) who stays in his home patiently in the time of an epidemic plague hoping for Allahโ€™s Reward and believing that nothing will befall him except what Allah has written for him, will get the reward of a martyr.โ€™โ€

The Libraryโ€™s extensive collection of manuscripts also includes The Shield From Plague And Epidemic, written by 16th-century CE Spanish-born Jewish scholar and physician, Elias Ben Ibrahim. The manuscript was written in 1558 CE/996 AH in Ottoman โ€ŽBudin Province  (currently situated in Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, and Serbia).

Zaki says: โ€œBen Ibrahim commentated in detail on the plague fever, citing the experience of his fellow physicians, and comparing their treatments with those of Muslim physicians, including Ibn Sina, regarded as the father of early modern medicine, who lived in the late 10th and early 11th centuries CE. He referred to the response of Christian physicians and their decision to flee from the plague, and detailed the health measures that could be taken to be protected from the plagues, such as the use of a piece of cloth moistened with vinegar, rose water and sandalwood, highlighting the importance of the patientโ€™s mental health in coping with epidemics. He quoted Plato, saying: โ€˜A skilled physician must treat the mood that is predisposed to a disease before the occurrence of that disease.โ€™โ€

Responses to todayโ€™s global pandemic caused by the coronavirus remain very much uppermost in peopleโ€™s thoughts, not just across Qatar but all over the world. With the Libraryโ€™s incredible wealth of documents on plagues of the past available to see, it may be comforting to remember that these terrible events did not last forever, and normal life did eventually return for those who came before us.

ุงู„ุฏูˆุญุฉ: ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุงู„ุฃุฒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุฌุชุงุญุช ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู† ุฌุฑู‘ูŽุงุกู ุฌุงุฆุญุฉ ููŠุฑูˆุณ ูƒูˆุฑูˆู†ุง (ูƒูˆููŠุฏ-19) ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฐูˆู‚ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ ูˆูŠู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉ ูˆุงู„ุทูˆุงุนูŠู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ุฏุฏุช ุญูŠุงุชู‡ู… ูˆู‚ุทุนุช ู…ุนุงูŠุดู‡ู… ูˆุฃุฑุฒุงู‚ู‡ู…ุŒ ุฅุฐ ุชูƒุดู ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุตูˆุต ูˆุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุงุซูŠุฉุŒ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ู…ุชูˆูุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุงุซูŠุฉ ุจู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ู‚ุทุฑ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ุจุฃุตูˆู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆุจุตูŠุบุฉ ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู† ู‚ุฏ ุนุงุตุฑูˆุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทูˆุงุนูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉ ูˆุฌุฑุจูˆุง ุขู„ุงู…ู‡ุง ูˆู…ุนุงู†ุงุชู‡ุงุŒ ุจู„ ูˆุตู†ููˆุง ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุคู„ูุงุช ูˆุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุซู‚ูˆุง ููŠู‡ุง ุญูŠุงุชู‡ู… ุชุญุช ูˆุทุฃุชู‡ุง ูˆุฏูˆู†ูˆุง ููŠู‡ุง ู…ู„ุงุญุธุงุชู‡ู… ูˆู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุงุชู‡ู… ุญูˆู„ู‡ุง.

ุฃุนุฏู‘ ู…ุญู…ูˆุฏ ุฒูƒูŠุŒ ุฃุฎุตุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุงุซูŠุฉุŒ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูˆุฃู„ู‚ู‰ ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุนุฑู‘ูŽู ููŠู‡ุง ุจุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ุงู„ู†ููŠุณุฉ ูˆุงู„ู†ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุงุซูŠุฉ ูˆุจู…ูƒุชุจุงุช ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูƒุดู ุนู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุทุฑูŠูุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุชุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู† ุนุจุฑ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎู‡ู… ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉ ูˆุงู„ุทูˆุงุนูŠู†ุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู ู†ุฌูˆุง ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุฑู‡ูŠุจุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูุชูƒุช ุจุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู„ูŠูƒุชุจูˆุง ู‚ุตุตู‡ู… ูˆุญูƒุงูŠุงุชู‡ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุญุจุงุก ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูู‚ุฏูˆู‡ู… ูˆุงู„ุนุฒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูุฑุถุชู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…. ูˆุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุชุจุฏูˆ ุชุฌุงุฑุจู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุคู„ู…ุฉ ู…ุฃู„ูˆูุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ุง ูƒุชุจุช ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุณ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ุนุงุด ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูƒู„ู‡ ู…ุญู†ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฒู„ุฉ ุจุณุจุจ ุฌุงุฆุญุฉ ูƒูˆุฑูˆู†ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ูู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ููŠู‡ุง ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู† ู…ู„ูŠูˆู†ูŠ ู†ูุณ.

ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ุชุณุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃู„ู‚ุงู‡ุง ู…ุญู…ูˆุฏ ุฒูƒูŠ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุชูˆูุฑ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ู‡ุง ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ู„ู„ุงุทู„ุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆุฏุน ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠ (http://ediscovery.qnl.qa).

ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู…ุญู…ูˆุฏ ุฒูƒูŠ: โ€œุดู‡ุฏ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฌูˆุงุฆุญุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุŒ ูˆุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุนู…ูˆู…ู‹ุง ุงุณู… ยซุงู„ุทู‘ูŽุงุนูˆู†ยป ุฃูˆ ู„ู„ุฌูˆุงุฆุญ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ยซุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑยป ุฃูˆ ยซุงู„ุฌุงุฑูยป. ูˆู‚ุฏ ู†ุชุฌ ุนู† ุงู„ุนุฒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ููุฑุถุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุงู„ู…ุคู„ู‘ูููŠู† ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุนุงุตุฑูˆู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุงุฎุชุงุฑูˆู‡ุง ุจุฃู†ููุณู‡ู… ุนุฏุฏูŒ ูƒุจูŠุฑูŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุคู„ู‘ูŽูุงุช ุงู„ู…ููุฑุฏุฉ ููŠ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉ ูˆุงู„ุทูˆุงุนูŠู†ุŒ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฒู„ ู…ู† ุฌุงู†ุจู ุทุจูŠู‘ุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุดุฑุนูŠู‘ ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠู‘ุŒ ุฅุถุงูุฉู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุฑุฏ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠู‘ -ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠู‘ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฏุจูŠู‘ุŒ ูุถู„ู‹ุง ุนู…ุง ูˆู‚ุน ุชู†ุงูˆู„ู‡ ุถู…ู† ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ูˆุงู„ูู‚ู‡ ูˆุงู„ุทุจ. ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุงู„ูุฑุฏูŠุฉ ู„ู…ู† ุนุงูŠุดูˆุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทูˆุงุนูŠู† ุญุงุถุฑุฉู‹ ุจุฌู„ุงุก ููŠ ุฃุนู…ุงู„ู‡ู…ุŒ ูƒู„ูŒู‘ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุญุณุจ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุชุฎุตู‘ูุตู‡โ€.

ูƒุงู† ุฌุฏู„ ุงู„ุนุฏูˆู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุจุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉ ูˆุงู„ุทูˆุงุนูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุงุญุชุฑุงุฒ ู…ู†ู‡ุงุŒ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ุชุขู„ูŠู ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู†. ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุคู„ู‘ูŽูุงุช ุงู„ู…ู€ูุจูƒู‘ูุฑุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู†ุฏูŠ (ุชูˆููŠ ู†ุญูˆ 260 ู‡ู€/873 ู…) ููŠ ยซุงู„ุฃูŽุจู’ุฎูุฑูŽุฉ ุงู„ู…ู€ูุตู’ู„ูุญูŽุฉ ู„ู„ุฌูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุงุกยปุŒ ูˆยซูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุทูˆุงุนูŠู†ยป ู„ุงุจู† ุฃุจูŠ ุงู„ุฏู†ูŠุง (ุชูˆููŠ 281 ู‡ู€/894 ู…)ุŒ ูˆยซู†ุนุช ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ู…ูˆู‘ูŽู„ู‘ูุฏูŽุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุจุงุก ููŠ ู…ุตุฑยป ู„ุงุจู† ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฑ (ุชูˆููŠ 395 ู‡ู€/890 ู…)ุŒ ูˆูƒุชุงุจ ยซู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุก ุจุฅุตู„ุงุญ ูุณุงุฏ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ูˆุงู„ุชุญุฑุฒ ู…ู† ุถุฑุฑ ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุงุกยป ู„ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุงู„ุชู…ูŠู…ูŠ (ุชูˆููŠ ู†ุญูˆ 390 ู‡ู€/990 ู…).

ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฃูˆ ยซุงู„ู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฏยป ูƒุงู† ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุญุงุถุฑู‹ุง ุจู‚ูˆุฉ ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชุณุจู‘ูŽุจ ููŠ ู…ูˆุช ู†ุญูˆ 200 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฅู†ุณุงู† ููŠ ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุง ูˆุขุณูŠุง ุจูŠู† ุนุงู…ูŠ 1346 ูˆ1353ุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู† ู‚ุฏ ูˆุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠ 1348 ู…. ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ู…ุคุฑู‘ูŽุฎ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฑูŠุฒูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆู„ุฏ ููŠ 766 ู‡ู€ / 1364ู… ุฃูŠ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุนุดุฑ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ุชู‡ุงุก ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู†ุ› ุฃู† ุงุจุชุฏุงุกู‡ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุทูˆุงุนูŠู† ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ุจู„ ยซุนู…ู‘ูŽ ุฃู‚ุงู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุดุฑู‚ู‹ุง ูˆุบุฑุจู‹ุงุŒ ูˆุดู…ุงู„ู‹ุง ูˆุฌู†ูˆุจู‹ุงุŒ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃุฌู†ุงุณ ุจู†ูŠ ุขุฏู…ุŒ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ู… ุญุชู‰ ุญูŠุชุงู† ุงู„ุจุญุฑุŒ ูˆุทูŠุฑ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุกุŒ ูˆูˆุญุด ุงู„ุจุฑู‘ยป.

ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ู…ุคุฑุฎ ุงู„ุชูˆู†ุณูŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ุฏ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุจู† ุฎู„ุฏูˆู† ูู‚ุฏ ูˆุตู ููŠ ู…ู‚ุฏู…ุชู‡ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฎุณุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃู†ุฒู„ุชู‡ุง ูƒุงุฑุซุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุตูุง ุจู„ูŠุบู‹ุง ุจู‚ูˆู„ู‡: โ€œู†ุฒู„ ุจุงู„ุนู…ุฑุงู† ุดุฑู‚ู‹ุง ูˆุบุฑุจู‹ุง ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู…ู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู† ุงู„ุฌุงุฑู ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญูŠู‘ูŽู ุงู„ุฃูู…ู… ูˆุฐู‡ุจ ุจุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ุŒ ูˆุทูˆู‰ ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง ู…ู† ู…ุญุงุณู† ุงู„ุนูู…ุฑุงู† ูˆู…ูŽุญุงู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฌุงุก ู„ู„ุฏูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุญูŠู† ู‡ูŽุฑูŽู…ูู‡ุง ูˆุจู„ูˆุบ ุงู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู…ูŽุฏุงู‡ุงุŒ ูู‚ู„ู‘ูŽุต ู…ู† ุธูู„ุงู„ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆููŽู„ู‘ูŽ ู…ู† ุญูŽุฏู‘ูู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฃูŽูˆู’ู‡ูŽู†ูŽ ู…ู† ุณูู„ุทุงู†ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุชุฏุงุนูŽุชู’ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู‘ูŽู„ุงุดูŠ ูˆุงู„ุงุถู…ุญู„ุงู„ ุฃุญูˆุงู„ูู€ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุงู†ุชู‚ุถ ุนู…ุฑุงู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุจุงู†ุชูุงุถ ุงู„ุจูŽุดูŽุฑุŒ ูุฎูŽุฑูุจูŽุช ุงู„ุฃู…ุตุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ุตุงู†ุนุŒ ูˆุฏูŽุฑูŽุณูŽุช ุงู„ุณู‘ูุจูู„ ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ูˆุฎู„ุช ุงู„ุฏูŠุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฒู„ุŒ ูˆุถูŽุนููุช ุงู„ุฏู‘ููˆู„ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุจุงุฆู„.. ููƒุฃู†ู€ู‘ูŽู…ุง ุชูŽุจุฏู‘ูŽู„ ุงู„ุฎูŽู„ู’ู‚ู ู…ู† ุฃุตู’ู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆุชุญูˆู‘ูŽู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุจุฃุณู’ุฑู‡ุŒ ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุฎูŽู„ู’ู‚ูŒ ุฌุฏูŠุฏูŒุŒ ูˆู†ุดุฃุฉูŒ ู…ูุณุชุฃู’ู†ูŽููŽุฉูŒโ€.

ุฃุดุงุฑ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุนุฏูˆู‰ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุณุจุจ ููŠ ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉ ูˆุงู„ุทูˆุงุนูŠู†ุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ู… ุงุจู† ุฎุงุชู…ุฉ ูˆู„ุณุงู† ุงู„ุฏูŠู† ุงุจู† ุงู„ุฎุทูŠุจุŒ ุงู„ู„ุฐูŠู† ุนุงุดุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ุฏู„ุณ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุซุงู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ุฌุฑูŠ/ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน ุนุดุฑ ุงู„ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏูŠุŒ ูˆุตุฑู‘ูŽุญุง ุจุซุจูˆุช ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุนุฏูˆู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ยซุจุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุก ูˆุงู„ุญุณู‘ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุงุชุฑุฉยปุŒ ูˆุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุงุญุชุฑุงุฒ ูˆุงุชุฎุงุฐ ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจุŒ ูˆุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุง ูŠูุนุงุฑูุถ ุงู„ุชูˆูƒู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡. ุจู„ ูˆุตู ุงุจู† ุงู„ุฎุทูŠุจ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฎู„ุงู ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฃู†ู‘ูŽู‡ ยซุฒูŽุนุงุฑูŽุฉูŒ ูˆุชูŽุตุงู‚ูุฑูŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆุงุณุชุฑุฎุงุตูŒ ู„ู†ููˆุณ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู†ยป.

ูˆุฃุดุงุฑุช ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุซูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุนุฏู‡ุง ู…ุญู…ูˆุฏ ุฒูƒูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ูˆู…ุคู„ููŠู† ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ู…ู…ู† ุนุงุตุฑูˆุง ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู† ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ู…ุงุช ุจู‡ ุฃูˆ ุจุทุงุนูˆู† ู„ุงุญู‚ ุฃูˆ ุจุฃุณุจุงุจ ู…ุชุตู„ุฉ ุจู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุชุฃู„ูŠูู‡ ุนู†ู‡ุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงุจู† ุงู„ูˆุฑุฏูŠ (ุชูˆููŠ 749 ู‡ู€) ูˆุงู„ุตูŽู‘ููŽุฏููŠ (ุชูˆููŠ 764 ู‡ู€) ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุชุจ ููŠู‡ ู…ู‚ุงู…ุฉู‹ ุฃุฏุจูŠุฉู‹ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุฏูŠู† ุงู„ุณู‘ูุจู’ูƒููŠ (ุชูˆููŠ 771 ู‡ู€) ูˆุงุจู† ุฃุจูŠ ุญูŽุฌูŽู„ูŽุฉ ุงู„ุชู‘ูู„ูู…ู’ุณุงู†ูŠ (ุชูˆููŠ 776 ู‡ู€)ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃู„ู‘ูŽู ููŠ ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู† ุฑุณุงู„ุชู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุตุฑุฉ ยซุงู„ุทุจ ุงู„ู…ุณู†ูˆู† ููŠ ุฏูุน ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู†ยป.

ูŠูุนุฏู‘ู ูƒุชุงุจ ยซุจุฐู„ ุงู„ู…ุงุนูˆู† ููŠ ูุถู„ ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู†ยป ู…ู† ุฃุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู†ุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจู†ูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ูˆุงุนุชู…ุฏู‡ุง ูƒุซูŠุฑูŒ ู…ู…ุง ูƒุชุจ ุจุนุฏู‡ุŒ ุงุฎุชุตุงุฑู‹ุง ูˆุชู‡ุฐูŠุจู‹ุงุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุณูŠูˆุทูŠ (ุชูˆููŠ 911 ู‡ู€ / 1505 ู…) ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡. ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุชุฃู„ูŠู ุงุจู† ุญูŽุฌูŽุฑ ุงู„ุนูŽุณู’ู‚ูŽู„ุงู†ูŠ (ุชูˆููŠ 852 ู‡/1449 ู…ู€) ุงู„ู…ูุญู‘ุฏู‘ูุซ ูˆุงู„ู…ุคุฑุฎ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆู ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนุงุด ููŠ ุนุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ู…ุงู„ูŠูƒ ููŠ ู…ุตุฑ ูˆุงู„ุดุงู…ุŒ ูˆุนุงุตุฑ ุนุฏุฉ ุทูˆุงุนูŠู†. ูˆูู‚ุฏ ุจุณุจุจ ุทุงุนูˆู† ุณู†ุฉ 819 ู‡ ุงุจู†ุชูŠู‡ ุบุงู„ูŠุฉ ูˆูุงุทู…ุฉุŒ ุซู… ูู‚ุฏ ุงุจู†ุชู‡ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ ุฒูŠู† ุฎุงุชูˆู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆููŠุช ูˆู‡ูŠ ุญุงู…ู„ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู† (ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ) ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆู‚ุน ุณู†ุฉ 833 ู‡ุŒ ูุถู„ู‹ุง ุนู…ุง ุนุงุตุฑู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุทูˆุงุนูŠู† ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ูˆุชุฌุฑุจุชู‡ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ ุจุฅุตุงุจุชู‡ ุจุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ุซู… ุดูุงุฆู‡ ู…ู†ู‡. ูˆุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุท ู…ุชูˆูุฑ ุจุตูŠุบุฉ ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆุฏุน ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ (http://ediscovery.qnl.qa/).

ููŠ ุฏุฑุงุณุชู‡ ุงู„ุจุญุซูŠุฉุŒ ูŠูˆุถุญ ู…ุญู…ูˆุฏ ุฒูƒูŠ ุฃู† ุงุจู† ุญุฌุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุจู†ู‰ ูƒุชุงุจู‡ ูˆู…ู†ุงู‚ุดุงุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุนุฏุฏู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุญุงุฏูŠุซ ุงู„ู†ุจูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ู€ูุณู’ู†ูŽุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุนุทูŠ ุฌู…ู„ุฉู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูˆุฌูŠู‡ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฑุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ุจูƒู„ู…ุงุช ู…ูˆุฌุฒุฉ ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู…ู‡ุง ยซุฅู†ู‘ูŽ ุงู„ู„ู‡ูŽ ุฃู†ุฒูŽู„ูŽ ุงู„ุฏู‘ูŽุงุกูŽ ูˆุงู„ุฏู‘ูŽูˆุงุกูŽุŒ ูˆุฌุนูŽู„ ู„ูƒู„ู‘ู ุฏุงุกู ุฏูˆุงุกู‹ุŒ ูุชูŽุฏุงูˆูŽูˆู’ุงุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุชูŽุฏุงูˆูŽูˆู’ุง ุจูุญูŽุฑุงู…ูยป. [ุณู†ู† ุฃุจูŠ ุฏุงูˆุฏ]ุŒ ูˆยซู…ุง ุฃู†ุฒูŽู„ูŽ ุงู„ู„ู‡ู ุนุฒู‘ูŽ ูˆุฌู„ู‘ูŽ ู…ูู† ุฏุงุกู ุฅู„ู‘ูŽุง ุฃู†ุฒูŽู„ูŽ ู…ุนู‡ ุดููุงุกู‹ -ูˆู‚ุงู„ ุนูŽูู‘ูŽุงู†ู ู…ูŽุฑู‘ูŽุฉู‹: ุฅู„ู‘ูŽุง ุฃู†ุฒูŽู„ูŽ ู„ู‡ ุดููุงุกู‹- ุนูŽู„ูู…ูŽู‡ ู…ูŽู† ุนูŽู„ูู…ูŽู‡ุŒ ูˆุฌูŽู‡ูู„ูŽู‡ ู…ูŽู† ุฌูŽู‡ูู„ูŽู‡ยป. [ู…ุณู†ุฏ ุฃุญู…ุฏ] ูˆยซู„ุงูŽ ูŠููˆุฑูุฏู ุงู„ู…ู€ู€ูู…ู’ุฑูุถู ุนูŽู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู…ู€ู€ูุตูุญู‘ูยป. [ุตุญูŠุญูŠ ุงู„ุจุฎุงุฑูŠ ูˆู…ุณู„ู…]. ุฃูŠ: ู„ุง ูŠูุคุชูŽู‰ ุจู…ุฑูŠุถู ุนู„ู‰ ุตูŽุญูŠุญู ุณูŽู„ูŠู…ูุ› ู…ุฎุงููŽุฉูŽ ุฃู† ูŠูุนุฏูŠูŽู‡. ยซู„ูŠุณ ู…ูู† ุฑูŽุฌูู„ู ูŠูŽู‚ูŽุนูŽ ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู†ู ููŠูŽู…ูƒูุซู ููŠ ุจูŠุชู‡ ุตุงุจูุฑู‹ุง ู…ูุญุชูŽุณูุจู‹ุง ูŠูŽุนู„ูŽู…ู ุฃู†ู‘ูŽู‡ ู„ุง ูŠูุตูŠุจูู‡ ุฅู„ู‘ูŽุง ู…ุง ูƒูŽุชูŽุจูŽ ุงู„ู„ู‡ู ู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‘ูŽุง ูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ ู…ูุซู„ู ุฃุฌู’ุฑู ุงู„ุดู‘ูŽู‡ูŠุฏูยป. [ุงู„ุจุฎุงุฑูŠ].

ูˆูŠุฐูƒุฑ ู…ุญู…ูˆุฏ ุฒูƒูŠ ุฃู† ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ู‚ุทุฑ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ุชุญุชูุธ ุจู†ุณุฎุฉ ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุฉ ู†ููŠุณุฉ ู…ู† ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุนุณู‚ู„ุงู†ูŠ ูƒูุชุจุช ุจุงู„ู…ุณุฌุฏ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ุจูู„ุณุทูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ 864 ู‡ู€ / 1460 ู…ุŒ ุฃูŠ ุจุนุฏ ุงุซู†ูŠ ุนุดุฑ ุณู†ุฉู‹ ู…ู† ูˆูุงุฉ ุงู„ู…ุคู„ูุŒ ูˆุฅุญุฏู‰ ูˆุซู„ุงุซูŠู† ุณู†ุฉู‹ ู…ู† ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุชุฃู„ูŠูู‡ ู„ู‡ุง (ุณู†ุฉ 833 ู‡ู€)ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชู‚ุชู†ูŠ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ู‚ุทุฑ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุง ู†ุงุฏุฑู‹ุง ุจุนู†ูˆุงู† ยซู…ูุฌูŽู†ู‘ูŽุฉ ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู† ูˆุงู„ูˆูŽุจุงุกยป ู„ุฅู„ูŠุงุณ ุจู† ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ุงู„ุฅุณุจุงู†ูŠุŒ ุฃู„ู‘ูŽูู‡ุง ุณู†ุฉ 915 ู‡ู€ / 1509 ู… ู„ู„ุณู„ุทุงู† ุงู„ุนุซู…ุงู†ูŠ ุจุงูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุท ู…ุชูˆูุฑ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจุตูŠุบุฉ ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆุฏุน ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ (http://ediscovery.qnl.qa/).

ูŠูุนู„ู‘ูู‚ ู…ุญู…ูˆุฏ ุฒูƒูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุท ู‚ุงุฆู„ู‹ุง: โ€œูุตู‘ูŽู„ ุงุจู† ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ุงู„ุฅุณุจุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูู…ู‘ูŽู‰ ุงู„ูˆุจุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู†ู‚ู„ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุจู„ุฏู‡ุŒ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ู‹ุง ุจูŠู† ุนู„ุงุฌุงุชู‡ู… ูˆุนู„ุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู† ูˆู…ู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ุดูŠุฎ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุงุจู† ุณูŠู†ุง. ูˆู…ู…ู‘ูŽุง ุชุนุฑู‘ูŽุถ ู„ู‡ ู…ูˆู‚ู ุฃุทุจุงุก ุงู„ู†ุตุงุฑู‰ ูˆุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑู‡ู… ุงู„ูุฑุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุงุนูˆู†. ูƒู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑ ุฌู…ู„ุฉู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฏุงุจูŠุฑ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงุชุฎุงุฐู‡ุง ู„ู„ูˆู‚ุงูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุฎูุฑู’ู‚ูŽุฉ (ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู‚ูู…ุงุด) ู…ูุจู„ู‘ูŽู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฎู„ู‘ู ูˆู…ุงุก ุงู„ูˆุฑุฏ ูˆุงู„ุตู‘ูŽู†ุฏู„. ูˆุงุนุชู†ู‰ ุจุจูŠุงู† ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุญุฉ ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ููŠ ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉุŒ ูู†ู‚ู„ ุนู† ุฃูู„ุงุทูˆู† ู‚ูˆู„ู‡: ยซูˆูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุจ ุงู„ุญุงุฐู‚ ุฃู† ูŠุนุงู„ุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุนุฏ ู„ู…ุฑุถู ู‚ุจู„ ุญุฏูˆุซ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถยป.

ุณุชุธู„ ู…ูƒุงูุญุฉ ุฌุงุฆุญุฉ ููŠุฑูˆุณ ูƒูˆุฑูˆู†ุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดุงุบู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณุชุญูˆุฐ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูˆุฃูˆู„ูˆูŠุงุชู‡ู… ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ู‚ุทุฑ ุจู„ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู‚ุงุทุจุฉ. ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ู†ุฌุฏ ุงู„ุนุฒุงุก ููŠู…ุง ุชุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุจู‡ ุฐุฎุงุฆุฑุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุงุซูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ุงุก ูˆู…ุคู„ูุงุชู‡ู… ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉ ูˆุงู„ุทูˆุงุนูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉุŒ ุฅุฐ ุชุฐูƒุฑู†ุง ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุฑู‡ูŠุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉ ุงู„ูุชุงูƒุฉ ู„ู… ุชุณุชู…ุฑ ู„ู„ุฃุจุฏุŒ ูˆุฃู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ู„ู† ุชู„ุจุซ ุฃู† ุชุนูˆุฏ ูƒู…ุง ุนุงุฏุช ู„ู…ู† ุนุงุดูˆุง ู‚ุจู„ู†ุง.

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